Which theory suggests the public has little participation in policing duties?

The Continental Theory posits that policing is primarily a responsibility of the state, with limited involvement from the public. This theory emphasizes the role of law enforcement as a formal institution that enforces laws and maintains order, often viewing the public more as subjects rather than active participants in policing tasks.

In contrast, other theories like the Home Rule Theory focus on local governance and community involvement, indicating a higher level of public participation in policing. Thus, the distinctive feature of the Continental Theory lies in its premise that the responsibilities of policing are predominantly state-managed, thereby minimizing the role and input of the general public in carrying out policing duties.